This paper addresses significant policy challenges in online content governance activities by non-application layer internet infrastructure companies. In addition to exploring the nuances of the challenges, the paper makes recommendations for telcos to improve transparency about their practices and for how all non-application layer companies can consider substantive content governance principles.

As freedom of expression increasingly takes place online, the question of how to balance it with the need to moderate harmful content online has become more and more prevalent. Society faces vexing questions about which part of the online information ecosystem is best positioned, if at all, to manage and moderate malicious content. This article serves as part of TLS's answer to the question of whether content moderation should be conducted in the multilayered system that makes up the internet, rather than on the large social platforms.

Cloudflare, a large company providing internet security services, has withdrawn services from Kiwi Farms, an online forum. This article explore this change and its relationship to general content moderation trends among internet infrastructure companies.

As high-profile social media platforms face increasing scrutiny over their content moderation activities, the majority of the internet is often left out of the conversation about how to effectively combat harmful content online while also protecting fundamental rights and civil liberties. This report engages in that larger conversation by discussing the full internet ecosystem’s role in generating, curating, and disseminating online content.